Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Interference and Decay

Interference and Decay

Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...

Buffer Effectiveness

Buffer Effectiveness

Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...

Stress: General Loading Conditions

Stress: General Loading Conditions

To grasp the intricacy of real-world conditions where multiple loads are applied simultaneously to a structure, one might visualize a section passing through a specific point within a body, aligned parallel to the xy plane. This section is subjected to various forces, including original loads, normal forces, and shearing forces.
The shearing force, possessing potential directionality within the plane of the section, is simplified into two component forces running parallel to the x and y axes....

Learning Disabilities

Learning Disabilities

Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a...

Prediction Intervals

Prediction Intervals

The interval estimate of any variable is known as the prediction interval. It helps decide if a point estimate is dependable.
However, the point estimate is most likely not the exact value of the population parameter, but close to it. After calculating point estimates, we construct interval estimates, called confidence intervals or prediction intervals. This prediction interval comprises a range of values unlike the point estimate and is a better predictor of the observed sample value, y.

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

In the ever-evolving field of public health, statistical analysis serves as a cornerstone for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. By leveraging various statistical tools, health professionals can predict potential outbreaks, analyze ongoing situations, and devise effective responses to mitigate impact. For that to happen, there are a few possible stages of the analysis:

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Fluency Should Not Be a Goal in Stuttering Therapy.

Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR·2026

Same author

Can Stuttering on Content Versus Function Words Predict Stuttering Persistence in Young Children?

Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR·2026

Same author

Developmental Sentence Scoring for Preschool Language Sample Analysis: A Psychometric Update.

American journal of speech-language pathology·2026

Same author

A Comparative Study of Developmental Sentence Scoring (DSS) and Black English Sentence Scoring (BESS) in AAE Language Sample Analysis.

Seminars in speech and language·2025

Same author

Assessing for Developmental Language Disorder in the Context of African American English.

EBP briefs·2025

Same author

Stuttering: Our Current Knowledge, Research Opportunities, and Ways to Address Critical Gaps.

Neurobiology of language (Cambridge, Mass.)·2025

Same journal

Psychophysical and Psychometric Properties of Visual Analog Scales: An Auditory-Perceptual Study Applied to Hypokinetic Dysarthria.

Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR·2026

Same journal

Visual-Spatial Influences on Vocal Intensity: Effects of Speaker-to-Listener Distance and Room Size in Immersive Virtual Reality.

Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR·2026

Same journal

Vocabulary Breadth and Depth in Adults With Developmental Language Disorder.

Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR·2026

Same journal

Maturation of Cortical Auditory Evoked Potentials in Response to Tones and Noise During Adolescence and Young Adulthood.

Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR·2026

Same journal

Preclinical Dialogue Simulation: Evaluating Response Accessibility in Conversational Artificial Intelligence for Aphasia Therapy.

Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR·2026

Same journal

A Moderated Mediation Model Linking Speech-in-Noise Exposure, Speech Perception in Noise Ability, Loneliness, and Depression.

Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 25, 2026

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

Information Load Predicts Stuttering Events.

Haley J Warner¹, Nan Bernstein Ratner², Eric S Jackson¹

¹Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, New York.

Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : JSLHR

|March 24, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Higher information load in words increases stuttering likelihood. This suggests communicative demands, not just severity, influence stuttering variability in spontaneous speech.

More Related Videos

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS

Published on: February 21, 2011

Dynamic Inter-subject Functional Connectivity Reveals Moment-to-Moment Brain Network Configurations Driven by Continuous or Communication Paradigms

Dynamic Inter-subject Functional Connectivity Reveals Moment-to-Moment Brain Network Configurations Driven by Continuous or Communication Paradigms

Published on: March 21, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 25, 2026

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS

Published on: February 21, 2011

Dynamic Inter-subject Functional Connectivity Reveals Moment-to-Moment Brain Network Configurations Driven by Continuous or Communication Paradigms

Dynamic Inter-subject Functional Connectivity Reveals Moment-to-Moment Brain Network Configurations Driven by Continuous or Communication Paradigms

Published on: March 21, 2019

Area of Science:

Speech and Language Pathology
Computational Linguistics

Background:

Stuttering variability is a complex phenomenon.
Information load, measured by word predictability, is a potential factor influencing stuttering.
Word surprisal quantifies information load based on linguistic context.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if words with higher information load (word surprisal) are more prone to stuttering.
To control for linguistic variables affecting stuttering.
To examine if stuttering severity and impact moderate the relationship between word surprisal and stuttering.

Main Methods:

Analysis of spontaneous speech from 35 adults who stutter (FluencyBank corpus).
Computation of word surprisal using Generative Pretrained Transformer 2 (GPT-2).
Statistical control for six linguistic predictors of stuttering and moderation analysis with severity/impact measures.

Main Results:

Increased word surprisal significantly predicted a higher likelihood of stuttering.
Linguistic covariates were controlled for in the analysis.
No significant moderation effect of stuttering severity or impact was found.

Conclusions:

Higher information load in words contributes to stuttering events during spontaneous speech.
This may be due to increased cognitive or communicative demands of high-surprisal words.
Individual differences in managing communicative pressure, not solely clinical severity, likely shape stuttering patterns.