Catalyst durability in electrocatalytic H₂O₂ production: key factors and challenges

On-demand electrocatalytic hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production is a significant technological advancement that offers a promising alternative to the traditional anthraquinone process. This approach leverages electrocatalysts for the selective reduction of oxygen through a two-electron transfer mechanism (ORR-2e^-), holding great promise for delivering a sustainable and economically efficient means of H₂O₂ production. However, the harsh operating conditions during the electrochemical H₂O₂ production lead to the degradation of both structural integrity and catalytic efficacy in these materials. Here, we systematically examine the design strategies and materials typically utilized in the electroproduction of H₂O₂ in acidic environments. We delve into the prevalent reactor conditions and scrutinize the factors contributing to catalyst deactivation. Additionally, we propose standardised benchmarking protocols aimed at evaluating catalyst stability under such rigorous conditions. To this end, we advocate for the adoption of three distinct accelerated stress tests to comprehensively assess catalyst performance and durability.