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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
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piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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Updated: Jun 24, 2025

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation
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Principles of miRNA/miRNA* function in plant MIRNA processing.

Santiago Rosatti1, Arantxa M L Rojas1, Belén Moro1,2

  • 1Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, 2000, Argentina.

Nucleic Acids Research
|June 8, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant microRNA (miRNA) processing depends on the miRNA/miRNA* duplex structure. Optimizing this duplex enhances miRNA levels, revealing links between structure, function, and evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular biology
  • Gene regulation
  • RNA biogenesis

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial gene expression regulators.
  • Plant miRNA biogenesis involves precise excision from fold-back precursors by DICER-LIKE1 (DCL1).
  • Plant miRNA precursors show diverse sizes and shapes, with processing occurring in base-to-loop or loop-to-base directions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the miRNA/miRNA* duplex region in plant miRNA precursor processing.
  • To understand how duplex structure influences miRNA levels and processing efficiency.
  • To connect miRNA/miRNA* structure with precursor processing mechanisms and evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of endogenous miRNA precursors in vivo.
  • Investigating the impact of miRNA/miRNA* duplex modifications on processing.
  • Comparing processing requirements for two-step and sequential MIRNAs.

Main Results:

  • Suboptimal processing of endogenous miRNAs occurs in vivo due to mismatches in the miRNA/miRNA* duplex.
  • Enhancing the interaction energy of the miRNA/miRNA* duplex in two-step MIRNAs significantly increases miRNA levels.
  • Sequential MIRNAs exhibit unique processing requirements dependent on specific miRNA/miRNA* duplex features.

Conclusions:

  • The miRNA/miRNA* duplex structure critically influences plant miRNA precursor processing.
  • Modifications in the duplex region can modulate miRNA levels.
  • This study links miRNA/miRNA* structure, processing mechanisms, biological function, and evolutionary patterns in plants.