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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Histone Modification02:32

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2025

Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells
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Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells

Published on: March 28, 2025

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Histone Lactylation Drives CD8 T Cell Metabolism and Function.

Deblina Raychaudhuri, Pratishtha Singh, Mercedes Hennessey

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |June 10, 2024
    PubMed
    Summary

    Histone lactylation, a modification by lactate, is crucial for CD8 T cell activation and anti-tumor immunity. Targeting histone lactylation (H3K18la and H3K9la) regulates T cell function and immunity.

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    Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark
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    Multicolor Flow Cytometry-based Quantification of Mitochondria and Lysosomes in T Cells
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    Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark
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    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Epigenetics
    • Metabolic pathways

    Background:

    • CD8 T cell activation and differentiation depend on metabolic pathways producing lactate.
    • Histone lactylation (hPTM) is a modification derived from lactate, but its role in CD8 T cells is unknown.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the relevance of histone lactylation in CD8 T cell activation and function.
    • To explore the impact of specific lactylation marks (H3K18la, H3K9la) on CD8 T cell subsets and anti-tumor immunity.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of H3K18-lactylation (H3K18la) and H3K9-lactylation (H3K9la) in human and murine CD8 T cells.
    • Investigating the role of lactylation marks as transcription initiators.
    • Modulating lactylation via metabolic and epigenetic pathways in preclinical models.

    Main Results:

    • H3K18la and H3K9la are enriched in CD8 T cells and initiate transcription of key regulatory genes.
    • Distinct impacts of H3K18la and H3K9la were observed on CD8 T cell subsets, correlating with metabolic profiles.
    • Modulation of H3K18la and H3K9la regulated CD8 T cell effector function and anti-tumor immunity.

    Conclusions:

    • Histone lactylation (H3K18la and H3K9la) plays a significant role in CD8 T cell phenotype and function.
    • Lactylation marks are intricately linked to the metabolic state of CD8 T cells.
    • Targeting histone lactylation offers a potential strategy for enhancing anti-tumor immunity.