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Related Concept Videos

Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes01:23

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Hagen-Poiseuille flow describes a viscous fluid's steady, incompressible flow through a cylindrical tube with a constant radius R. This flow profile is often applied to understand fluid transport in narrow channels, such as capillaries. It serves as a foundational example of laminar flow. In this model, cylindrical coordinates (r,θ,z) are used to describe the radial (r), angular (θ), and axial (z) dimensions within the tube. For Hagen-Poiseuille flow, the velocity profile is...
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Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.
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Turbulent Flow01:24

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Turbulent flow is characterized by unpredictable fluctuations in velocity and pressure, which result in a chaotic fluid movement distinct from the orderly patterns of laminar flow. While laminar flow is governed by smooth, parallel layers with minimal mixing, turbulent flow exhibits highly irregular, three-dimensional patterns. This behavior arises due to instabilities in the fluid's velocity profile, and amplifies as the flow velocity increases. Minor disturbances, known as turbulent...
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Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids in motion. Velocity vectors are often used to illustrate fluid motion in applications like meteorology. For example, wind—the fluid motion of air in the atmosphere—can be represented by vectors indicating the speed and direction of the wind at any given point on a map. Another method for representing fluid motion is a streamline. A streamline represents the path of a small volume of fluid as it flows. When the flow pattern changes with time, the...
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Irrotational flow is characterized by fluid motion where particles do not rotate around their axes, resulting in zero vorticity. For a flow to be irrotational, the curl of the velocity field must be zero. This imposes specific conditions on velocity gradients. For instance, to maintain zero rotation about the z-axis, the gradient condition:
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When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2025

Preparation of Free-Surface Hyperbolic Water Vortices
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Circularly coherent vortex beams optimized for propagation through turbulence.

Arash Shiri, Rui Qi, Greg Gbur

    Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision
    |June 10, 2024
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Optimizing the coherence of partially coherent beams enhances their stability and robust propagation through atmospheric turbulence. This study introduces a criterion to minimize turbulence degradation effects on orbital angular momentum spectra.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Laser Physics
    • Atmospheric Optics

    Background:

    • Partially coherent beams with circular coherence offer robust propagation through atmospheric turbulence.
    • Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) is a key property of light beams.
    • Atmospheric turbulence degrades beam quality and OAM spectra.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a criterion for approximating turbulence effects on partially coherent beams.
    • To optimize source coherence for maximum beam stability in turbulence.
    • To analytically compare the turbulence propagation of OAM spectra for different coherence parameters.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a criterion to quantify turbulence-induced degradation.
    • Analytical comparison of OAM spectrum propagation under turbulence.
    • Investigation of circularly coherent Gaussian vortex sources with varying coherence parameters.

    Main Results:

    • A criterion is introduced to approximate turbulence degrading effects.
    • Optimizing source coherence significantly enhances beam stability.
    • Satisfying the derived conditions minimizes adverse turbulence effects on OAM spectra.

    Conclusions:

    • Source coherence is a critical factor for robust beam propagation in turbulence.
    • The introduced criterion provides a method for predicting and mitigating turbulence effects.
    • Optimized partially coherent beams maintain their OAM spectrum integrity in turbulent environments.