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    This study introduces a new fiber-coupled circulator for optical cavities, enhancing frequency stability for future space missions. The novel in-coupling method shows comparable performance to free-beam techniques without introducing circulator-related instabilities.

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    Area of Science:

    • Physics
    • Optical Engineering
    • Space Technology

    Background:

    • Future space missions require highly stable and compact optical frequency references.
    • Optical cavities are suitable for relative frequency reference applications.
    • Improving in-coupling optics is crucial for enhancing optical cavity performance, compactness, and robustness.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a novel fiber-coupled circulator-based in-coupling method for high-finesse optical cavities.
    • To evaluate the performance of this new in-coupling technique compared to the traditional free-beam method.
    • To assess the impact of the circulator on the frequency stability of the optical cavity.

    Main Methods:

    • Implementation of a fiber-coupled circulator-based in-coupling board.
    • Integration with an extensively characterized crossed cavity setup.
    • Comparison with the commonly used free-beam in-coupling technique.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a frequency stability of 5.5×10-16 Hz-1/2 at 1 Hz.
    • Observed only a slight degradation in frequency stability below the mHz range.
    • No circulator-induced instabilities were detected.

    Conclusions:

    • The fiber-coupled circulator in-coupling method is a viable alternative to free-beam techniques for high-finesse optical cavities.
    • This approach maintains high frequency stability, essential for demanding applications like space missions.
    • The developed in-coupling board offers a compact and robust solution without compromising optical cavity performance.