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Super-Resolution Ultrasound Imaging Using the Erythrocytes-Part II: Velocity Images.

Mostafa Amin Naji, Iman Taghavi, Mikkel Schou

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    Super-resolution ultrasound imaging using erythrocytes (SURE) offers faster vascular imaging than microbubble-based methods. This study demonstrates SURE

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Medical Imaging
    • Ultrasound Technology

    Background:

    • Super-resolution ultrasound imaging (SURE) utilizes erythrocytes as natural targets, unlike fragile microbubbles (MBs).
    • Erythrocytes offer abundant scatterers, potentially reducing acquisition times compared to ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM).
    • Tracking high-density, uncorrelated scatterers presents a significant challenge in SURE development.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To hypothesize and validate the detection and tracking of erythrocytes for vascular flow imaging.
    • To develop and assess a SURE tracking pipeline for high-resolution vascular visualization.
    • To compare SURE imaging with established modalities like ULM and micro-CT.

    Main Methods:

    • Implementation of a SURE tracking pipeline incorporating beamforming, recursive synthetic aperture (SA) imaging, motion estimation, echo canceling, peak detection, and a recursive nearest-neighbor (NN) tracker.
    • Validation using simulated Field II phantoms with precise tube dimensions and 3-D printed hydrogel micro-flow phantoms.
    • In vivo imaging of a Sprague-Dawley rat kidney, comparing SURE scans with ULM and micro-computed tomography (CT).

    Main Results:

    • The SURE tracking pipeline successfully distinguished flow direction and separated micro-tubes in both simulated and physical phantoms.
    • In vivo SURE imaging of a rat kidney revealed consistent microvascular structures compared to ULM and micro-CT.
    • Flow direction and velocity profiles obtained via SURE were concordant with ULM findings, validating its accuracy.

    Conclusions:

    • Super-resolution ultrasound imaging using erythrocytes (SURE) is a viable method for vascular flow imaging.
    • The developed SURE tracking pipeline effectively detects and tracks erythrocytes for high-resolution vascular visualization.
    • SURE demonstrates comparable results to ULM and micro-CT, offering a faster alternative for microvascular imaging.