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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
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Fission as a source of variation for group selection.

Burton Simon1, Yaroslav Ispolatov2, Michael Doebeli3,4

  • 1Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Denver CO, United States.

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|June 11, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Fission, a form of group reproduction where parent groups split, can be a significant source of heritable variation. This process enhances the effectiveness of group selection in evolutionary change.

Keywords:
cooperationgroup cloninggroup variabilitygroup-structured populations

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Theoretical ecology
  • Population genetics

Background:

  • Heritable variation is essential for natural selection to drive evolutionary change.
  • Group selection models typically rely on within-group stochastic processes for inter-group variation.
  • Existing models often assume asexual reproduction (cloning) during group reproduction events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate fission as a significant, underappreciated source of variation in group selection.
  • To model the impact of fission on the generation of variation among groups.
  • To assess how fission influences the efficacy of group selection.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of a mathematical model for the fission process.
  • Inclusion of a parameter to quantify variation generated during fission.
  • Illustrative examples to demonstrate the model's predictions.

Main Results:

  • Fission can introduce substantial variation between groups, unlike models where groups simply clone themselves.
  • A parameter controlling variation during fission directly impacts the model's outcomes.
  • Fission can be a more biologically realistic mode of group reproduction.

Conclusions:

  • Fission represents a key mechanism for generating inter-group variation, crucial for group selection.
  • Incorporating fission into models can significantly enhance the power of group selection.
  • This study highlights the importance of group-level reproduction mechanisms in evolutionary dynamics.