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Related Concept Videos

Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

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Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
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Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

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Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
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Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

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Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
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Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia02:10

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Alkynes can be reduced to trans-alkenes using sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The reaction, known as dissolving metal reduction, proceeds with an anti addition of hydrogen across the carbon–carbon triple bond to form the trans product. Since ammonia exists as a gas (bp = −33°C) at room temperature, the reaction is carried out at low temperatures using a mixture of dry ice (sublimes at −78°C) and acetone. 
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Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction01:20

Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

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Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
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Updated: Jun 24, 2025

Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
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Cu(N2)-Li Battery for Ammonia Synthesis.

Xingyu Ma1, Zhiyang Liu1, Houkang Sun1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading Utilization, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Fuxue Road No. 18, Changping District, Beijing 102249, P.R. China.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|June 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study combines lithium-nitrogen (Li-N₂) batteries, lithium-mediated N₂ reduction (LiNR), and copper-lithium (Cu-Li) batteries into a novel Cu(N₂)-Li system. The lithium anode facilitates efficient N₂ reduction to ammonia, offering a promising pathway for sustainable ammonia synthesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • The cathodic mechanism of Li-N₂ batteries mirrors lithium-mediated N₂ reduction (LiNR).
  • Existing LiNR studies often employ inert platinum anodes, limiting efficiency and stability.
  • Ammonia synthesis is crucial for agriculture and chemical industries, demanding sustainable methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To amalgamate Li-N₂ batteries, LiNR, and Cu-Li batteries into a unified milliliter-scale Cu(N₂)-Li system.
  • To investigate the role of a lithium anode with lithium oxidation reaction (LiOR) in enhancing N₂ reduction.
  • To explore ammonia accumulation as an indicator of reaction intermediates and optimize the system for ammonia synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of Li-N₂, LiNR, and Cu-Li battery concepts into a single Cu(N₂)-Li system.
  • Utilizing a lithium anode to provide a continuous supply of lithium ions via LiOR.
  • Employing low-current charging to mitigate polarization during lithium regeneration and improve cycling.

Main Results:

  • The lithium anode, through LiOR, ensures a steady supply of lithium ions for N₂ reduction and improves electrolyte stability.
  • Voltage reduction was observed compared to systems using platinum anodes.
  • Ammonia accumulation was detected in the anode chamber, confirming the presence of reaction intermediates.

Conclusions:

  • The integrated Cu(N₂)-Li system demonstrates the potential of Li-N₂ batteries for efficient and sustainable ammonia synthesis.
  • The lithium anode offers significant advantages over platinum anodes in LiNR systems.
  • Further optimization through low-current charging can enhance the cycling performance of the system.