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Related Concept Videos

Travelling Waves01:04

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A wave is a disturbance that propagates from its source, repeating itself periodically, and is typically associated with simple harmonic motion. Mechanical waves are governed by Newton's laws and require a medium to travel. A medium is a substance in which a mechanical wave propagates, and the medium produces an elastic restoring force when it is deformed.
Water waves, sound waves, and seismic waves are some examples of mechanical waves. For water waves, the wave propagation medium is...
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Back EMF01:24

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Generators convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, whereas motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. A motor works by sending a current through a loop of wire located in a magnetic field. As a result, the magnetic field exerts a torque on the loop. This rotates a shaft, extracting mechanical work from the electrical current sent in initially. When the coil of a motor is turned, magnetic flux changes through the coil, and an emf (consistent with Faraday's law) is...
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Propagation of Waves01:07

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When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
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Reflection of Waves01:07

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When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...
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Interference and Superposition of Waves01:07

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When two waves of the same nature occur in the same region simultaneously, they result in interference. Interference of waves implies that the net effect of the waves is the sum of the individual waves' effects. However, it does not imply that the individual waves affect the propagation of other waves.
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Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency01:11

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2025

Data Processing Methods for 3D Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Volcanoes: Applications to the Tarim Flood Basalt
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Inner core backtracking by seismic waveform change reversals.

Wei Wang1,2,3, John E Vidale4, Guanning Pang5

  • 1Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Nature
|June 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Earth's solid inner core rotated faster than the surface between 2003 and 2008, then reversed direction, rotating slower from 2008 to 2023. This finding, based on seismic wave analysis, suggests new models are needed for Earth's core dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Seismology
  • Earth Science

Background:

  • Earth's solid inner core's rotation relative to the surface has been inferred from seismic data.
  • The inner core's structure and dynamics influence Earth's magnetic field.
  • Previous studies suggested varying rotation rates of the inner core.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To precisely track the progression and regression of the Earth's inner core.
  • To analyze the rotation dynamics of the inner core using seismic wave data.
  • To investigate the relationship between inner core movement and Earth's magnetic field.

Main Methods:

  • Compiled 143 pairs of repeating earthquakes from 1991-2023 in the South Sandwich Islands.
  • Analyzed inner-core-penetrating PKIKP waves recorded on medium-aperture arrays.
  • Identified waveform changes and reversions in repeating earthquake multiplets to track inner core position.

Main Results:

  • Documented waveform changes and subsequent reversions in multiplets, indicating the inner core re-occupying past positions.
  • Demonstrated that the inner core super-rotated from 2003 to 2008.
  • Showed that the inner core sub-rotated from 2008 to 2023 at two to three times slower rates, retracing its path.

Conclusions:

  • The Earth's inner core exhibits periods of super-rotation and subsequent slower sub-rotation, moving back through the same path.
  • Precise tracking of inner core progression and regression is now possible.
  • The differing rates of forward and backward motion necessitate new models for the dynamics between the inner core, outer core, and mantle.