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Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

922
NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
922
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
2.4K
Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

2.5K
Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
2.5K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

644
In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
644
Torque On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field01:13

Torque On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field

4.0K
The most common application of magnetic force on current-carrying wires is in electric motors. These consist of loops of wire, which are placed between the magnets with a magnetic field. When current flows through the loops, the magnetic field applies torque, which causes the shaft to rotate, thus converting electrical energy to mechanical energy.
Consider a rectangular current-carrying loop containing N turns of wire, placed in a uniform magnetic field. The net force on a current-carrying loop...
4.0K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2025

Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains
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Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains

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Neuromorphic Computing with Emerging Antiferromagnetic Ordering in Spin-Orbit Torque Devices.

Durgesh Kumar Ojha1,2,3, Yu-Hsin Huang3,4, Yu-Lon Lin3

  • 1International College of Semiconductor Technology, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan, ROC.

Nano Letters
|June 13, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed spin-orbit torque devices for brain-inspired computing, achieving high accuracy on image datasets. They found a trade-off between solid-state memory and neuromorphic computing needs, suggesting alignment via exchange coupling.

Keywords:
NiOantiferromagneticexchange biasneuromorphic computingspin−orbit torque

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Spintronics
  • Neuromorphic Computing

Background:

  • Spin-orbit torque (SOT) devices offer potential for energy-efficient computing.
  • Antiferromagnetic materials are increasingly explored for advanced electronic applications.
  • Neuromorphic computing aims to mimic the brain's structure and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate field-free switching (FFS) and SOT-based neuromorphic characteristics in a W/Pt/Co/NiO/Pt heterostructure.
  • To develop spin-based artificial synapses and neurons for neuromorphic computing.
  • To explore the role of antiferromagnetic ordering in device performance.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a W/Pt/Co/NiO/Pt heterostructure.
  • Utilizing SOT for device operation and characterization.
  • Implementing a three-layer artificial neural network for image recognition tasks (MNIST and Fashion MNIST).

Main Results:

  • Achieved high accuracies (91-96% for MNIST, 78.85-81.25% for Fashion MNIST) using the developed neuromorphic system.
  • Observed robust NiO antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering, enhancing FFS.
  • Identified a trade-off between memristivity for solid-state memory and neuromorphic computing requirements.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates the feasibility of using SOT devices with antiferromagnetic materials for brain-inspired neuromorphic computing.
  • Controllable exchange coupling presents a pathway to reconcile solid-state memory and neuromorphic computing functionalities.
  • Findings pave the way for more efficient and advanced neuromorphic hardware.