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Related Concept Videos

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Abnormal Proliferation02:23

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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2025

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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[Clinically active pituitary tumors].

Nicole Unger1, Marily Theodoropoulou2, Katharina Schilbach3,4

  • 1Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Deutschland.

Innere Medizin (Heidelberg, Germany)
|June 13, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Pituitary tumors are increasingly found due to imaging. Early diagnosis by primary care physicians and referral to endocrinologists are crucial for managing these tumors, improving patient outcomes.

Keywords:
AcromegalyAggressive pituitary tumorsPituitary ACTH hypersecretionProlactinomaTSH-secreting adenomas

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

  • Increased incidence of pituitary tumors, particularly hormone-inactive (HI) microadenomas, linked to widespread diagnostic imaging.
  • Common pituitary adenomas include prolactinomas, HI, growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-secreting adenomas.
  • While typically benign, pituitary tumors can exhibit aggressive growth, invasion, and rarely, metastasis (pituitary carcinomas).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the diagnostic challenges and importance of timely identification of pituitary tumors.
  • To emphasize the role of primary care physicians and endocrinologists in the diagnosis and management of pituitary adenomas.
  • To underscore the impact of early diagnosis and treatment on patient morbidity, mortality, and quality of life.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentation and diagnostic workup for various pituitary adenomas.
  • Emphasis on endocrine testing, medical history, clinical examination, and laboratory diagnostics.
  • Discussion of diagnostic difficulties due to non-specific symptoms and common comorbidities.

Main Results:

  • Prolactinomas are often diagnosed timely due to specific symptoms and hyperprolactinemia.
  • Diagnosis of other hormone-secreting adenomas (acromegaly, Cushing's disease, TSHoma) is challenging due to non-specific symptoms.
  • Comorbidities can mask or delay the consideration of pituitary adenomas as an underlying cause.

Conclusions:

  • Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment of pituitary tumors significantly impact patient outcomes.
  • Primary care physicians play a vital role in the early detection of pituitary adenomas.
  • Referral to endocrinologists is essential for optimal diagnosis and management of pituitary adenomas.