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Risks of Iodine Excess.

Seo Young Sohn1, Kosuke Inoue2,3, Connie M Rhee4,5

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang 10475, South Korea.

Endocrine Reviews
|June 13, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Excessive iodine intake, particularly from iodinated contrast media, can cause thyroid dysfunction in susceptible individuals. Further research is needed to define safe iodine intake limits, especially for high-risk populations.

Keywords:
iodineiodine deficiencyiodine nutritioniodine statusthyroid

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis.
  • The body utilizes an iodide cycle within thyroid follicular cells for hormone production.
  • Iodine sources include diet, supplements, amiodarone, and iodinated contrast media.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the association between excessive iodine intake and thyroid dysfunction.
  • To focus on iodinated contrast media as a significant source of excess iodine.
  • To summarize risks in vulnerable populations and discuss potential nonthyroidal health effects.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on iodine status assessment (urinary iodine, thyroglobulin, TSH, thyroid volume).
  • Analysis of Wolff-Chaikoff and Jod-Basedow phenomena in iodine-induced thyroid dysfunction.
  • Examination of guidelines for screening and monitoring contrast-induced thyroid dysfunction.

Main Results:

  • Excessive iodine intake, especially from contrast media, can trigger hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism in susceptible individuals.
  • Vulnerable populations face heightened risks from iodine excess.
  • Potential long-term nonthyroidal health risks associated with excess iodine warrant further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Excessive iodine exposure, particularly via iodinated contrast media, poses a risk for thyroid dysfunction.
  • Current guidelines address screening and monitoring for contrast-induced thyroid dysfunction.
  • More data is required to establish safe upper iodine intake limits for high-risk groups.