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Related Concept Videos

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

12.0K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
12.0K
Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

7.7K
Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

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Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation...
1.8K
Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

26.9K
The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

10.1K
Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Simple Methods for the Preparation of Non-noble Metal Bulk-electrodes for Electrocatalytic Applications
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Iridium-Based Alkaline Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction Electrocatalysts.

Qingqing Lv1, Di Liu2, Wei Zhu1,3

  • 1State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|June 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Developing high-performance anode electrocatalysts is crucial for hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells (HEMFCs). Iridium-based catalysts show promise for alkaline hydrogen oxidation reactions (HOR) by optimizing hydrogen binding and surface adsorption.

Keywords:
hydrogen binding energyhydrogen oxidation reactionhydroxideinterfacial wateriridium

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells (HEMFCs) require efficient anode electrocatalysts for hydrogen oxidation reactions (HOR).
  • Platinum group metals (PGMs) exhibit significantly lower HOR activity in alkaline media compared to acidic conditions, necessitating high catalyst loadings.
  • Understanding the alkaline HOR mechanism reveals the importance of catalyst hydrogen binding energy and surface adsorption of OH and water.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of the alkaline HOR mechanism.
  • To summarize recent advancements in Iridium (Ir)-based electrocatalysts for enhanced alkaline HOR activity.
  • To discuss future perspectives and challenges for Ir-based electrocatalysts in HEMFCs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on alkaline HOR mechanisms and Ir-based electrocatalyst development.
  • Analysis of factors influencing HOR kinetics, including hydrogen binding energy and surface adsorption.
  • Summary of structure design and composition regulation strategies for Ir catalysts.

Main Results:

  • Iridium (Ir) offers advantages for alkaline HOR due to favorable hydrogen binding energy and enhanced OH adsorption.
  • Current Ir/C catalysts still require further optimization for practical HEMFC applications.
  • Fine-tuning intermediate adsorption on Ir-based catalysts is key to improving alkaline HOR activity.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing catalyst design, including structure and composition, is critical for enhancing alkaline HOR activity.
  • Iridium-based electrocatalysts hold significant potential for future HEMFC development.
  • Further research is needed to overcome existing challenges and realize the full potential of Ir catalysts.