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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment01:17

Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment

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Flood risk assessment involves careful planning and analysis to ensure the safety of communities near water retention structures. Capacity contours are a vital tool in this process, as they illustrate the potential spread of water at specific levels in a given area. In the context of building a bund across a small valley, these contours play a critical role in evaluating the safety of nearby residential areas.In this example, the bund is intended to store stormwater in the valley. The engineers...
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
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Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

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Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
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Precipitation Titration Curve: Analysis01:21

Precipitation Titration Curve: Analysis

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The precipitation titration curve demonstrates the change in concentration of one reactant with the volume of titrant added. During the titration of chloride ions with silver nitrate, the precipitation titration curve is divided into three regions: before, at, and after the equivalence point. Before the equivalence point, low redissolution of the sparingly soluble silver chloride precipitate gives a low silver ion concentration. However, in the second region, representing the equivalence point,...
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Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework
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Can precipitation intermittency predict flooding?

Ben Livneh1, Nels R Bjarke2, Parthkumar A Modi3

  • 1Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, United States; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, United States; Western Water Assessment, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.

The Science of the Total Environment
|June 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Flood risk is influenced by dry spells before storms. Extended dry periods significantly lower flood probabilities, especially in arid regions, highlighting the importance of precipitation intermittency for predicting future flood events.

Keywords:
Antecedent moisture conditionsFlood predictionGlobal change attributionLand surface processesPrecipitation intermittency

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Area of Science:

  • Hydrology
  • Climate Science
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Increasing extreme rainfall events are not consistently leading to higher flood magnitudes, presenting a challenge for flood risk assessment.
  • Antecedent moisture conditions are hypothesized as a key factor, but the drivers of this pre-flood variability are understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of precipitation intermittency (dry spell length before a flood) in explaining flood variability.
  • To assess the sensitivity of flood magnitude to dry spell duration across different climatic and soil conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of flood data from 108 watersheds spanning from 1950 to 2022.
  • Evaluation of precipitation intermittency as a predictor of flood magnitude, with a focus on arid/semi-arid regions and low soil field capacity basins.

Main Results:

  • Flood magnitude is significantly sensitive to precipitation intermittency, particularly in arid regions (PET/P > 0.84) and basins with low soil field capacity (<0.31 m³/m³).
  • Extended dry spells (>20 days) necessitate more intense storms to produce flooding, while shorter dry spells allow a broader range of storms to cause floods.
  • Flood probability declines by approximately 0.5% per additional day of dry spell, with probabilities up to 30% lower after prolonged dry periods.

Conclusions:

  • Precipitation intermittency is a critical factor in understanding current and predicting future flood risks.
  • The findings emphasize the need to incorporate dry spell dynamics into hydrological models and flood management strategies.