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Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation01:19

Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation

Assessing respiratory rate concurrently with pulse measurement is fundamental to patient care, providing valuable insights into the patient's respiratory function. The normal breathing rate for an adult usually falls within a normal range of 12 to 20 breaths per minute. Abnormal respiratory rates can signal underlying health conditions or the need for immediate intervention.
Ensuring accuracy in vital sign recordings while prioritizing patient comfort and minimizing anxiety is important. 

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

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Soft sensor for viable cell counting by measuring dynamic oxygen uptake rate.

M Winter1, L Achleitner2, P Satzer1

  • 1Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.

New Biotechnology
|June 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary

A novel soft sensor simplifies on-line cell counting in bioprocesses by measuring oxygen uptake rate. This easy-to-implement tool supports Quality by Design (QbD) and Process Analytical Technology (PAT) without specialized equipment.

Keywords:
Dissolved oxygenMammalian cell countOxygen uptakeProcess Analytical TechnologyQuality by DesignSoft sensor

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Area of Science:

  • Biopharmaceutical process development
  • Biotechnology
  • Chemical engineering

Background:

  • Regulatory emphasis on process understanding for biopharmaceutical manufacturing.
  • Need for easy-to-implement tools for Quality by Design (QbD) and Process Analytical Technology (PAT).
  • Limitations of existing methods for viable cell counting, including process modifications or complex models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a non-invasive, simplified on-line soft sensor for viable cell counting.
  • To establish a correlation between dynamic oxygen uptake rate and cell count.
  • To enable implementation of QbD and PAT without specialized equipment.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a soft sensor using dynamic oxygen uptake rate in bioreactors.
  • Automated, periodic interruptions of gas supply in DASGIP® bioreactor systems via a Visual Basic script.
  • Correlation of off-line cell counts with dynamic oxygen uptake rates using linear regression.
  • Establishment of the model during the exponential growth phase of a Chinese Hamster Ovary fed-batch process.

Main Results:

  • A robust soft sensor model with a correlation coefficient of 0.92 was developed.
  • The method avoids oxygen starvation through controlled gas flow reactivation.
  • Control studies confirmed no adverse impact on cell growth from discontinuous gas supply.
  • The soft sensor requires no specialized additional equipment, relying solely on oxygen consumption measurement.

Conclusions:

  • A novel, non-invasive soft sensor for simplified on-line cell counting has been successfully developed.
  • This method facilitates the implementation of QbD and PAT in bioprocessing.
  • The soft sensor offers a cost-effective and easy-to-implement alternative to existing cell counting techniques.