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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Ceramic Omnidirectional Bioprinting in Cell-Laden Suspensions for the Generation of Bone Analogs
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3D Printed Eggshell Microparticle-Laden Thermoplastic Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering.

Mert Gezek1,2, Mine Altunbek1, Maria Eduarda Torres Gouveia1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|June 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary

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3D melt electrowritten MXene-reinforced scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.

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Transforming surgical planning and procedures through the synergistic use of additive manufacturing, advanced materials and artificial intelligence: challenges and opportunities.

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Development of a Sprayable Hydrogel-Based Wound Dressing: An In Vitro Model.

Gels (Basel, Switzerland)·2024

This study developed affordable, 3D printed bone scaffolds using eggshell microparticles (ESPs) to reinforce poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). These sustainable biocomposite scaffolds show promise for personalized bone-graft applications.

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Three-dimensional (3D) printing is vital in tissue engineering for creating complex, personalized structures.
  • Developing cost-effective biomaterials with specific properties remains a significant challenge.
  • Conventional biomaterials often lack the desired mechanical and biological integration for bone regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create sustainable, affordable, and personalized bone-graft materials using 3D printing.
  • To investigate the reinforcement of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds with eggshell microparticles (ESPs).
  • To evaluate the physicochemical, mechanical, and in vitro biological properties of the developed biocomposite scaffolds.

Main Methods:

  • Extrusion-based 3D printing was used to fabricate PCL scaffolds with varying ESP concentrations (0–50% w/w).
Keywords:
3D printingbone tissue engineeringeggshell particlesscaffoldsunconventional

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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2025

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  • Physicochemical properties were analyzed using SEM, FTIR, TGA, DSC, and XRD.
  • Mechanical strength was tested via compression, degradation kinetics via accelerated testing, and in vitro cell behavior (MC3T3-E1) over 14 days using Alamar blue, confocal imaging, and qPCR.

    • Main Results:

    • The addition of ESPs significantly altered the physicochemical properties of the PCL scaffolds.
    • Mechanical testing demonstrated the potential for enhanced load-bearing capacity.
    • In vitro studies showed good cytocompatibility and osteogenic potential of the ESP-reinforced PCL scaffolds.
    • Degradation rates varied with ESP concentration, indicating tunable material lifetime.

    Conclusions:

    • 3D printed biocomposite scaffolds of PCL reinforced with ESPs offer a sustainable and affordable approach for bone tissue engineering.
    • These materials show significant potential as alternatives for bone-graft applications.
    • The study highlights the feasibility of using unconventional biomaterials like eggshells in personalized medicine.