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Study on Sensing Urine Concentrations in Water Using a Microwave Sensor Based on Hilbert Structure.

Rusul Khalid Abdulsattar1, Musab T S Al-Kaltakchi2, Iulia Andreea Mocanu3

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This study presents a novel microwave sensor for liquid analysis, utilizing fractal geometry for enhanced performance. The sensor accurately detects changes in urine composition, demonstrating a promising tool for chemical sensing applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Accurate liquid characterization is crucial for various applications, including medical diagnostics.
  • Existing microwave sensors often face limitations in sensitivity and quality factor.
  • Fractal geometries offer unique electromagnetic properties that can enhance sensor performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel two-port network-based microwave sensor for liquid characterization.
  • To investigate the use of Hilbert's fractal architecture and T-resonator for improved sensor quality factor.
  • To assess the sensor's capability in detecting variations in urine composition.

Main Methods:

  • Design and fabrication of a miniature microwave resonator sensor using the third iteration of Hilbert's fractal architecture on an FR4 substrate.
  • Theoretical analysis to understand the sensor's operational principles.
  • Experimental validation involving the measurement of S-parameters (S12) with varying urine samples.

Main Results:

  • The fabricated sensor exhibited an initial resonance frequency of 0.46 GHz.
  • Printing sample pans on the sensor induced an 18 MHz frequency shift.
  • The sensor demonstrated a strong correlation between S12 parameter changes and varying water content in urine samples.
  • Experimental measurements closely matched simulated outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed Hilbert fractal-based T-resonator microwave sensor is effective for liquid characterization, specifically for detecting changes in urine composition.
  • The sensor design offers a high quality factor and reliable performance.
  • The agreement between simulated and experimental results validates the sensor's design and functionality.