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Updated: May 4, 2026
A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
Published on: February 7, 2015
Reporting and analysis of sex in vascular surgery research
Micah J Rubin1, Nalani A Wakinekona1, Margaret A Reilly2
1Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
Objective:
To examine sex in human vascular surgery research by quantifying the inclusion and analysis of sex-based data in high-impact vascular surgery journals.
Methods:
A bibliographic review of original articles published in the European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Journal of Vascular Surgery, JVS: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders, Journal of Endovascular Therapy, and Annals of Vascular Surgery from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2020, and from January 1, 2023, to December 31, 2023, was conducted. Abstracted data included sex-based data analysis, inclusion of sex as a variable in multivariable analysis, inclusion of sex as an independent variable, and a discussion of sex-based results.
Results:
Of the 3762 articles that included human, animal, or cell subjects, 249 (6.6%) did not state sex. Of those 249 articles, 183 included human subjects, 55 included animal subjects, and 11 used cell lines as the subjects. These were removed from analysis as well as the remaining 68 articles with animal subjects. In addition, 23 researched a sex-specific pathology and were removed from analysis. Of the remaining 3422 articles included in our study, 42.3% analyzed sex, 46.9% included sex in multivariable analysis, 4.8% included sex as an independent variable, and 26.6% included a discussion of sex. There were no significant differences in all four sex variables between 2018, 2019, and 2020. Between 2018-2020 and 2023, there were significant increases in all four sex variables. Multicenter studies had significantly higher rates of independent analysis of sex over single-center studies (7.4% vs 3.3%, P < .001). There was no significant difference in independent analysis of sex between U.S.-based and non-U.S.-based studies. Only 191 articles (5.6%) had 90% or greater matching of men and women in their study.
Conclusions:
Equitable inclusion and analysis of sex is rare in vascular surgery research. Less than 5% of articles included an independent analysis of data by sex, and few studies included males and females equally. Clinical research is the basis for evidence-based medicine; therefore, it is important to strive for equitable inclusion, analysis, and reporting of data to foster generalizability of clinical research to men and women.
