Open-circuit voltage deficits in Tin-based perovskite solar cells

Area of Science:

• Materials Science
• Renewable Energy
• Photovoltaics

Background:

• Lead-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) achieve high efficiencies but raise environmental and health concerns due to lead (Pb).
• Tin-based (Sn) PSCs are a promising lead-free alternative with excellent optoelectronic properties suitable for commercialization.
• A significant efficiency gap exists between Pb-based and Sn-based PSCs, mainly due to voltage losses in the latter.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the causes of open-circuit voltage (VOC) deficits in Sn-based PSCs.
• To summarize strategies for mitigating these voltage losses.
• To outline future challenges and prospects for advancing Sn-based PSC technology.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies on Sn-based perovskite solar cells.
• Analysis of factors contributing to non-radiative recombination losses.
• Examination of crystallization kinetics and Sn2+ oxidation in Sn-based perovskites.

Main Results:

• Voltage deficits in Sn-based PSCs range from 0.4 to 0.6 V, primarily caused by non-radiative recombination.
• Uncontrolled crystallization and Sn2+ oxidation are key factors leading to these recombination losses.
• Various strategies have been developed to address these issues and improve device performance.

Conclusions:

• Addressing voltage deficits is critical for realizing the full potential of Sn-based PSCs.
• Further research into controlling crystallization and preventing oxidation is needed.
• Optimizing Sn-based PSCs will pave the way for efficient and stable lead-free solar technologies.