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The relationship between the gut microbiota and thyroid disorders.

Marian E Ludgate1, Giulia Masetti2, Paula Soares3,4

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The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in thyroid disorders, including autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) and thyroid cancer. Emerging evidence suggests the gut microbiome influences thyroid health, impacting immune regulation and hormone metabolism.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Thyroid disorders are common, particularly in women, encompassing autoimmune conditions and cancers.
  • Current treatments for autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) focus on management, not cure, and thyroid cancer is the most frequent endocrine malignancy.
  • While genetic factors are known, increasing thyroid disorder prevalence suggests environmental influences, like the gut microbiota, are involved.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of the gut microbiota in the development and progression of thyroid disorders, including AITD and thyroid cancer.
  • To investigate how gut microbial functions, such as immune regulation and thyroid hormone metabolism, may influence thyroid health.
  • To synthesize current evidence on the gut microbiota's impact on AITD and thyroid cancer, considering human and animal studies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of observational and interventional studies in animal models investigating the gut microbiota's effect on AITD.
  • Analysis of human cohort studies examining the association between gut microbiota composition and AITD.
  • Evaluation of limited reports and evidence linking gut dysbiosis to thyroid cancer development and progression.

Main Results:

  • Animal studies and some human data support a role for the gut microbiota in AITD, though geographic variations exist.
  • The gut microbiota influences immune system regulation, thyroid hormone metabolism, and carcinogen processing, all relevant to thyroid diseases.
  • Evidence, though less extensive than for AITD, suggests a relationship between gut dysbiosis and thyroid cancer.

Conclusions:

  • The gut microbiota is a significant factor in thyroid health, influencing both autoimmune thyroid diseases and thyroid cancer.
  • Understanding the gut microbiome's mechanisms offers potential avenues for novel therapeutic strategies and prevention of thyroid disorders.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise interactions and geographical variations in the gut microbiota's role in thyroid pathology.