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Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
Published on: October 22, 2014
Epidemiology, Mechanisms and Prevention in the Etiology of Environmental Factor-Induced Cardiovascular Diseases
Zubair Ahmed1, Fihr Chaudhary1, Devendra K Agrawal1
1Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona CA 91766, USA.
Abstract:
Cardiovascular diseases are a significant cause of mortality worldwide, and their prevalence can be amplified by a range of environmental factors. This review article critically evaluated the published information on the epidemiology and pathophysiological mechanisms of various environmental factors such as air indoor and outdoor air pollution, water pollution, climate change, and soil pollution. Preventative measures to mitigate these effects including public health responses are discussed with gaps in our knowledge for future studies.
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