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Related Concept Videos

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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
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The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.
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Within a biological system, the DNA encodes the RNA, and the nucleotide sequence in the RNA further defines the amino acid sequence in the protein. This is referred to as “The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology” - a term coined by Francis Crick.  Central dogma is a firm principle in biology that defines the flow of genetic information within any life form. The two fundamental steps in central dogma are - transcription and translation.
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Assaying Proteasomal Degradation in a Cell-free System in Plants
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Alternative proteoforms and proteoform-dependent assemblies in humans and plants.

Claire D McWhite1, Wisath Sae-Lee2, Yaning Yuan3

  • 1Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA. cmcwhite@princeton.edu.

Molecular Systems Biology
|June 25, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Protein truncations, about 1% of observed proteins in humans and plants, arise from gene expression or cleavage. These variants, often occurring between protein domains, offer insights into proteome complexity and evolution.

Keywords:
Alternative SplicingCo-fractionation/Mass Spectrometry (CF/MS)Protein EvolutionProteoformProteolytic Processing

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Area of Science:

  • Proteomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Protein sequence variability drives proteome complexity.
  • Understanding protein variants is crucial for biological discovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Systematically survey human and plant proteomics data for protein truncation variants.
  • Investigate the origins and characteristics of these truncated proteoforms.

Main Methods:

  • High-throughput bottom-up native proteomics.
  • Comparative analysis of protein sequences and RNA isoforms.
  • Cross-species proteomic data analysis.

Main Results:

  • Approximately 1% of observed proteins in humans, Arabidopsis, and Chlamydomonas are truncated.
  • Truncations originate from transcript-directed processes or limited proteolysis.
  • Truncations predominantly occur between structured protein domains.
  • Novel instances of proteolysis and nuclear translocation were observed.
  • Some truncations resemble viral cleavage products and suggest ancient origins.

Conclusions:

  • Protein truncations are a significant source of proteome diversity across eukaryotes.
  • The study reveals novel proteoforms and their potential functional implications.
  • Findings shed light on the evolution of protein variants and their roles in protein complex formation.