Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 23, 2025
Using Virtual Reality to Transfer Motor Skill Knowledge from One Hand to Another
Published on: September 18, 2017
Sensory-motor training with virtual reality as a complementary intervention to manual therapy for persistent
Daniele Emedoli1,2, Federica Alemanno3, Sandro Iannaccone3
1Department of Rehabilitation and Functional Recovery, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy - emedoli.daniele@hsr.it.
Background:
Persistent non-specific neck pain (NP) is a widespread condition described as a complex biopsychosocial disorder, characterized by physical and psychological symptoms. Virtual reality (VR) shows promise in NP treatment, potentially reducing pain, kinesiophobia, and improving range of motion (ROM) and motor control.
Aim:
The primary aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of VR sensorimotor training, combined with manual therapy, in reducing the level of disability in persistent non-specific NP individuals. The secondary aim was to determine if this VR-enhanced approach also contributes to improvement in overall function, pain perception and kinesiophobia.
Design:
Monocentric, single-blind, randomized controlled trial.
Setting:
We conducted this trial at San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Department of Rehabilitation and Functional Recovery, Milan, Italy.
Population:
Forty NP participants were enrolled in the study and randomly allocated into two groups.
Methods:
The study involved a 6-week rehabilitation program, comprising 12 sessions of 45 minutes each, twice weekly. Both intervention groups underwent manual therapy as a consistent component of their treatment. The Experimental Group (VRT) was additionally engaged in sensorimotor rehabilitation exercises using Virtual Reality, whereas the Control Group (CT) performed the same exercises without VR. We assessed subjects at baseline (T0) and after six weeks of rehabilitation (T1). The primary outcome was the disability (Neck Disability Index) while the secondary outcomes were: pain perception (Numeric Rating Scale, NP and Disability Scale, Central Sensitization Inventory) function (Cervical Kinematics) and kinesiophobia (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia).
Results:
Both groups demonstrated significant reduction in level of disability, pain perception, and kinesiophobia. Significant advancements in kinematics were observed: VRT group showed enhanced ROM during craniocervical rotation (P=0.039), lateral bending (P=0.001), flexion-extension (P=0.009), and mean velocity across movements (P<0.001), whereas CT group improved in maximal ROM during lateral bending rotation (P=0.001). Between-group analysis, after Bonferroni's correction for multiple comparisons, revealed that VRT group had significantly better outcomes in ROM during rotation (P=0.040), ratio of the primary over the secondary movement while performing rotation (P=0.021), and mean velocity during lateral bending (P=0.031).
Conclusions:
Sensorimotor training, combined with manual therapy, could enhance kinematic outcomes for NP patients, supporting the potential of VR in rehabilitation.
Clinical Rehabilitation Impact:
This study highlighted that both groups demonstrated significant reduction in level of disability, pain perception, and kinesiophobia after sensorimotor training combined with manual therapy. It is important to underscore that in terms of reducing the level of neck disability, both interventions proved to be equally effective. This parity in efficacy is a critical finding, reaffirming the robustness of our therapeutic approaches for this specific outcome.
