Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2025

Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening
05:36

Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening

Published on: October 18, 2024

656

Characteristics of refractive development in children aged 4 months to 8 years in urban China: A retrospective

Yarong Yan1,2, Xuewen Xia3, Qinghui Zhang3

  • 1Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.

Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)
|June 26, 2024
PubMed

Insights

Refractive errors and amblyopia risk factors are common in young children, especially under one year old. Myopia prevalence increased in older children, with significant changes observed in those aged 5-8 years.

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pediatric Optometry
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Refractive errors are a significant global health concern in children.
  • Early detection and intervention are crucial for preventing vision impairment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze refractive error screening data in young children.
  • To identify trends in refractive error and amblyopia risk factors.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study of 14,987 children (4 months to 8 years) in Beijing.
  • Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of refractive error without cycloplegia.
  • Assessment of spherical equivalent, cylinder, axial length, and amblyopia risk factors.

Main Results:

  • Higher prevalence of refractive errors and amblyopia risk factors in children under 1 year.
  • Boys had longer axial length than girls from 4 years old.
  • Increased myopia prevalence in 5-8 year olds between 2018-2019 and 2020-2021.
  • Annual myopic shift observed in children aged 5-8 years.

Conclusions:

  • Significant variation in refractive error exists in early childhood.
  • A trend towards myopia in older children (5-8 years) warrants attention.
  • Myopia prevalence increased, particularly in recent years, highlighting the need for ongoing screening.
Abstract

Keywords:
childrenmyopiarefractionretrospective studiesrisk factors for amblyopiasignificant refractive error

More Related Videos

Using an Automated Hirschberg Test App to Evaluate Ocular Alignment05:40

Using an Automated Hirschberg Test App to Evaluate Ocular Alignment

Published on: March 24, 2020

12.2K
Author Spotlight: An Automated Method for Assessing Visual Acuity in Infants and Toddlers Using an Eye-Tracking System05:10

Author Spotlight: An Automated Method for Assessing Visual Acuity in Infants and Toddlers Using an Eye-Tracking System

Published on: March 17, 2023

2.7K

Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

Language Development

Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
339
Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development01:30

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development

Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
27
Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition01:24

Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition

A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are...
31
Introduction to Developmental Psychology01:27

Introduction to Developmental Psychology

Developmental psychology explores the changes and continuities in human abilities throughout life, encompassing physical, cognitive, linguistic, and social dimensions. Human development is not restricted to growth, but includes aspects of decline, particularly in physical abilities as individuals age. Developmental psychologists seek to understand how people change as they age and how their mental and social skills evolve.
Developmental Milestones
A key concept in developmental psychology is...
230
Piaget's Stage 4 of Cognitive Development01:19

Piaget's Stage 4 of Cognitive Development

The formal operational stage, as described in Piaget's cognitive development theory, begins around age 11 and extends into adulthood. It marks the emergence of advanced cognitive abilities that differentiate adolescent and adult thinking from those of younger children. This stage is characterized by abstract reasoning, hypothetical-deductive reasoning, and a more complex understanding of self and others.
Abstract Reasoning and Hypothetical-Deductive Thinking
Unlike the concrete operational...
47
Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development01:14

Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development

The sensorimotor stage, the initial phase of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, spans the first two years of a child's life. During this period, infants actively engage with their surroundings, building cognitive awareness through direct interaction with the world. This interaction is primarily based on sensory perception and motor actions, allowing infants to gradually understand basic physical properties and predict how objects interact within their environment.
610