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Humans exhibit "nasty neighbor" behavior, investing more in competition against in-group members than strangers, especially when resources are scarce. This contrasts with typical in-group favoritism in trust.

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Behavioral Economics
  • Evolutionary Anthropology

Background:

  • Humans, like other social species, display in-group favoritism, cooperating more with familiar individuals.
  • This favoritism is often expected to extend to reduced competition within the in-group.
  • However, observed behaviors sometimes contradict this expectation, suggesting complex social dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate human competitive behavior towards in-group versus out-group members.
  • To examine the prevalence and conditions of the "nasty neighbor effect" in human societies.
  • To reconcile seemingly contradictory in-group favoritism and competition.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-national study involving 51 nations.
  • Community-based studies in Kenya.
  • Analysis of representative samples from the United Kingdom.
  • Experimental design to measure investment in resource competition and exploitation protection.

Main Results:

  • Individuals invested more in competition against in-group members than out-group members or strangers.
  • This "nasty neighbor" behavior was observed across diverse cultural and community settings.
  • The effect was independent of in-group favoritism in trust and emerged under perceived within-group resource scarcity.

Conclusions:

  • Human social behavior includes a "nasty neighbor" effect, where individuals compete more intensely with in-group members under resource scarcity.
  • This finding challenges simple models of in-group favoritism and highlights the role of resource competition.
  • Reconciling nastiness and favoritism towards in-group members requires considering context-dependent strategies.