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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

12.1K
Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
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The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane01:41

The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane

2.5K
The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through respiratory complexes I to V. These complexes have been widely studied for decades, and it has been proven that they form supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SC). These higher-order complexes may be crucial in maintaining the biochemical structure and improving the physiological activity of the individual complexes while...
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Double-Edged Sword: Exploring the Mitochondria-Complement Bidirectional Connection in Cellular Response and Disease.

Jingfei Carly Lin1,2, Sinwoo Wendy Hwang1,2, Honglin Luo1,2

  • 1Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada.

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Summary

Mitochondria and the complement system, crucial for cell life and immunity, interact significantly. This interplay, involving mitochondrial damage signals, impacts disease and offers therapeutic potential.

Keywords:
cell signalingcomplement systemdamage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)innate immunitymitochondria

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular medicine

Background:

  • Mitochondria, originating from proto-bacteria, possess unique features like circular DNA and fission dynamics.
  • The complement system is a critical immune pathway defending against pathogens and clearing cellular debris.
  • Mitochondria and the complement system share evolutionary links and interact during immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the bidirectional relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and the complement system.
  • To investigate the role of mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns in this interplay.
  • To review diseases linked to mitochondria and complement, and discuss therapeutic avenues.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of mitochondrial and complement system interactions.
  • Analysis of the role of mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns.
  • Examination of disease pathogenesis involving these pathways.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial dysfunction releases damage-associated molecular patterns that activate the complement system.
  • This interaction influences both normal physiology and disease development.
  • The interplay is implicated in various pathologies.

Conclusions:

  • The bidirectional communication between mitochondria and the complement system is a key factor in health and disease.
  • Targeting this interaction presents novel therapeutic opportunities.
  • Further research into mitochondrial-complement pathways can advance disease treatment.