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Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels

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Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
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Adrenoceptors are classified into α and ꞵ classes based on their potencies to catecholamine agonists. α-adrenoceptors show the following order of catecholamine potency:
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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
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Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

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Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
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Aquaporins01:25

Aquaporins

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Aquaporins or AQPs are a family of integral membrane proteins whose primary function is to transport water, while some called aquaglyceroporins also transport glycerol. In addition, aquaporins have also been suspected to be involved in transporting volatile substances, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia, across membranes. Such AQPs that act as gas channels are often highly expressed in cells involved in the gaseous exchange, such as red blood cells, epithelial cells, and pulmonary capillaries.
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P2X7 Variants in Pathophysiology.

Anna Pegoraro1, Marianna Grignolo1, Luigia Ruo1

  • 1Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|June 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The P2X7 receptor, activated by extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP), influences inflammation and cancer. This review explores novel P2X7 variants and their roles in disease.

Keywords:
P2X7SNPcancerinflammationsplice variantstherapy resistance

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) activates the P2X7 receptor, influencing pro-inflammatory and tumor-promoting pathways.
  • P2X7 receptor signaling is crucial in inflammatory and tumoral microenvironments.
  • Therapeutic strategies targeting P2X7 receptor blockade or agonism are explored for inflammation and cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on human P2X7 splice variants and polymorphisms.
  • To investigate the roles of these novel P2X7 variants in various pathophysiological contexts.
  • To focus on the involvement of P2X7 variants in oncological and neuroinflammatory conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on human P2X7 splice variants and polymorphisms.
  • Analysis of P2X7 variant functions in different pathophysiological contexts.
  • Focus on oncological and neuroinflammatory conditions.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of P2X7 variants arising from alternative splicing and single-nucleotide substitutions.
  • Identification of diverse roles for these variants in cellular processes and diseases.
  • Emerging evidence highlights the significance of P2X7 variants in cancer and neuroinflammation.

Conclusions:

  • P2X7 receptor variants represent a new frontier in understanding disease mechanisms.
  • Further research into P2X7 variants is crucial for developing targeted therapies.
  • P2X7 variants hold potential for novel therapeutic strategies in oncology and neuroinflammation.