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Updated: Jun 22, 2025

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
Published on: May 25, 2017
Current and Ongoing Developments in Targeting Clostridioides difficile Infection and Recurrence
Wendy Y Cun1, Paul A Keller1, Stephen G Pyne1
1School of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Molecular Horizons Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
Abstract:
Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterial pathogen that causes severe gastrointestinal infection in humans. This review provides background information on C. difficile infection and the pathogenesis and toxigenicity of C. difficile. The risk factors, causes, and the problem of recurrence of disease and current therapeutic treatments are also discussed. Recent therapeutic developments are reviewed including small molecules that inhibit toxin formation, disrupt the cell membrane, inhibit the sporulation process, and activate the host immune system in cells. Other treatments discussed include faecal microbiota treatment, antibody-based immunotherapies, probiotics, vaccines, and violet-blue light disinfection.
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