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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
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RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2025

2D-HELS MS Seq: A General LC-MS-Based Method for Direct and de novo Sequencing of RNA Mixtures with Different Nucleotide Modifications
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2D-HELS MS Seq: A General LC-MS-Based Method for Direct and de novo Sequencing of RNA Mixtures with Different Nucleotide Modifications

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Sequencing methods and functional decoding of mRNA modifications.

Kai Li1,2,3, Jinying Peng1, Chengqi Yi1,3,4

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.

Fundamental Research
|June 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA) modifications, detailing their creation, regulation, and roles. It also explores advanced detection methods and current research challenges in RNA modification science.

Keywords:
5-Methylcytosine (m5C)Inosine (I)N1-methyladenosine (m1A)N6,2′-O-dimethyladenosine (m6Am)N6-methyladenosine (m6A)Pseudouridine (Ψ)RNA modification

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Identification of Alternative Splicing and Polyadenylation in RNA-seq Data
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Related Experiment Videos

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A Method for Measuring RNA N6-methyladenosine Modifications in Cells and Tissues
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Identification of Alternative Splicing and Polyadenylation in RNA-seq Data
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Over 160 types of post-transcriptional RNA modifications are known, with significant variability across species, tissues, and RNA types.
  • Recent advancements in high-throughput detection technologies have facilitated the identification of numerous dynamic and reversible RNA modifications.
  • Key modifications include N6,2'-O-dimethyladenosine (m6Am), N1-methyladenosine (m1A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), N6-methyladenosine (m6A), pseudouridine (Ψ), and inosine (I).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA) modifications.
  • To summarize the biogenesis, regulatory mechanisms, and biological functions of mRNA modifications.
  • To review high-throughput methods for detecting mRNA modifications and discuss current research challenges.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on eukaryotic mRNA modifications.
  • Synthesis of information on RNA modification biogenesis and regulation.
  • Analysis of high-throughput detection technologies for RNA modifications.

Main Results:

  • Detailed summary of the diverse landscape of eukaryotic mRNA modifications.
  • Explanation of the complex regulatory networks governing RNA modification.
  • Overview of the functional impact of mRNA modifications on cellular processes.

Conclusions:

  • Eukaryotic mRNA modifications play crucial roles in gene expression and cellular function.
  • High-throughput technologies have revolutionized the study of RNA modifications.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the complexities and implications of mRNA modifications.