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Equation of State01:07

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The equation of state is an equation that relates physical quantities, such as pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of moles, of a thermodynamics system with each other. The equation relating physical quantities with each other can be a simple mathematical expression or too complicated to express in mathematical form. In either case, a relationship between physical quantities exists. If the equation of state cannot be expressed in a mathematical form, then experimental data and...
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Updated: Jun 22, 2025

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine
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State functions/quantities in thermodynamics and heat transfer.

Sheng-Zhi Xu1, Tian Zhao1, Qun Chen1

  • 1Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.

Fundamental Research
|June 27, 2024
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Summary

In thermodynamics, distinguishing state and process functions is crucial. However, heat transfer analysis, particularly for entransy, does not require this strict separation, simplifying thermal science understanding.

Keywords:
Bivariate-process systemEntransyEntropyProcess quantityState quantityUnivariate-process system

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Area of Science:

  • Thermal Science
  • Thermodynamics
  • Heat Transfer

Background:

  • Thermodynamics distinguishes state functions (e.g., internal energy) from process functions (heat, work) due to bivariate systems.
  • Entropy, a thermodynamic state function, requires a process function (exchanged heat) and integrating factor (1/T) for definition.
  • Heat transfer analysis, particularly with Fourier's law, involves state quantities until time integration introduces process quantities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the distinction between state and process functions in thermodynamics and heat transfer.
  • To establish entransy as a valid state quantity in heat transfer analysis.
  • To highlight the physical significance of entransy in optimizing heat transfer processes.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of thermodynamic and heat transfer principles.
  • Examination of state and process quantities in simple compressible systems versus heat conduction.
  • Evaluation of the necessity of integrating factors for defining state quantities in heat transfer.

Main Results:

  • Heat transfer systems, especially incompressible ones, can be univariate-process systems where thermal energy change corresponds to a single process quantity (heat).
  • The strict distinction between state and process functions is unnecessary in heat transfer.
  • Entransy is a state quantity in heat transfer, and its physical meaning is significant for process optimization.

Conclusions:

  • Entransy is a valid state quantity in heat transfer, independent of the unique integrating factor required for thermodynamic entropy.
  • The principles of thermodynamics and heat transfer are parallel, and entransy's role in heat transfer should be recognized.
  • Denying entransy as a state quantity based on thermodynamic entropy's definition is scientifically inaccurate.