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Related Concept Videos

COP Coated Vesicles00:59

COP Coated Vesicles

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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Overview of Exosomes01:36

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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
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Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
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Vesicular Trasport: Endocytosis, Transcytosis and Exocytosis01:18

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Vesicular transport is a cellular process that encompasses the engulfment of particles or dissolved substances by cells. It involves endocytosis, transcytosis, and exocytosis.
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Updated: Jun 22, 2025

Characterizing Extracellular Vesicles from Biological Fluids
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Characterizing Extracellular Vesicles from Biological Fluids

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Unpacking extracellular vesicles: RNA cargo loading and function.

Elizabeth R Dellar1,2,3, Claire Hill2, Genevieve E Melling1,4

  • 1Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Oxford Brookes University Gipsy Lane Oxford UK.

Journal of Extracellular Biology
|June 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key for cell communication, transporting RNA between cells. This review explores RNA types within EVs, their sorting mechanisms, and their roles in health and disease.

Keywords:
EVsRBPsRNARNA loadingRNA‐binding proteinsdeliveryextracellular vesiclesintercellular communicationloadingmotifszipcodes

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived structures involved in intercellular communication.
  • EVs contain diverse biomolecules, including RNA, proteins, and lipids, influencing cellular functions.
  • EVs play roles in maintaining homeostasis and mediating cell-to-cell signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of RNA enrichment in EVs.
  • To examine RNA sorting mechanisms into EVs and their functional implications.
  • To discuss evidence for EV-mediated RNA delivery and its physiological/pathological relevance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on extracellular vesicles and RNA.
  • Analysis of RNA biotypes associated with EVs.
  • Examination of molecular systems for RNA sorting into EVs.
  • Discussion of model systems for EV-mediated RNA delivery.

Main Results:

  • EVs are enriched with various RNA types, with specific enrichment patterns observed.
  • Selective and non-selective mechanisms govern RNA incorporation into EVs.
  • EV-mediated RNA transfer is supported by evidence from multiple model systems.
  • EV-associated RNA has implications in both normal physiological processes and disease states.

Conclusions:

  • EVs are significant carriers of RNA, contributing to intercellular communication.
  • Understanding RNA sorting into EVs is crucial for deciphering their biological roles.
  • EV-mediated RNA delivery represents a key mechanism in physiological and pathological contexts.