Surface-Modified Ruthenium Nanorods for an Ampere-Level Bifunctional Hydrogen Evolution Reaction/Oxygen Evolution...

The practical applications of bifunctional ruthenium-based electrocatalysts with two active sites of Ru nanoparticles covered with RuO₂ skins are limited. One reason is the presence of multiple equally distributed facets, some of which are inactive. In contrast, ruthenium nanorods with a high aspect ratio have multiple unequally distributed facets containing the dominance of active faces for efficient electrocatalysis. However, the synthesis of ruthenium nanorods has not been achieved due to difficulties in controlling the growth. Additionally, it is known that the adsorption capacity of intermediates can be impacted by the surface of the catalyst. Inspired by these backgrounds, the surface-modified (SM) ruthenium nanorods having a dominant active facet of hcp (100) through chemisorbed oxygen and OH groups (SMRu-NRs@NF) are rationally synthesized through the surfactant coordination method. SMRu-NRs@NF exhibits excellent hydrogen evolution in acid and alkaline solutions with an ultralow overpotential of 215 and 185 mV reaching 1000 mA cm^-2, respectively. Moreover, it has also shown brilliant oxygen evolution electrocatalysis in alkaline solution with a low potential of 1.58 V to reach 1000 mA cm^-2. It also exhibits high durability over 143 h for the evolution of oxygen and hydrogen at 1000 mA cm^-2. Density functional theory studies confirmed that surface modification of a ruthenium nanorod with chemisorbed oxygen and OH groups can optimize the reaction energy barriers of hydrogen and oxygen intermediates. The surface-modified ruthenium nanorod strategy paves a path to develop the practical water splitting electrocatalyst.