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Higher order affordances.

Thomas A Stoffregen1, Jeffrey B Wagman2

  • 1School of Kinesiology and Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1900 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA. tas@umn.edu.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Higher-order affordances, opportunities for action, emerge from relationships between other affordances. This concept explains behaviors traditionally attributed to cognition or cultural rules.

Keywords:
AffordancesComparativeDevelopmentPerceptionPerception-action

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Sciences
  • Ecological Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • The concept of affordances, opportunities for action, is widely used in behavioral sciences.
  • Existing theories face challenges in explaining the relationships between different affordances.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel framework for understanding affordances and their interrelations.
  • To introduce the concept of higher-order affordances, explaining their emergence from non-additive relations.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of affordance theory.
  • Conceptual framework development focusing on relational properties of affordances.

Main Results:

  • Affordances can be described as opportunities for all kinds of behaviors.
  • Most affordances emerge from relations between other affordances (higher-order affordances), not solely from animal-environment interactions.
  • All affordances structure ambient energy arrays, enabling direct perception.

Conclusions:

  • Higher-order affordances offer a unified account for phenomena previously explained by cognitive processes (e.g., memory, imagination) or cultural norms.
  • This framework provides a more comprehensive understanding of behavioral phenomena by emphasizing the relational nature of affordances.