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Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The ETC is comprised of...
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The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
Inhibitors of the electron transport chain
Rotenone, a widely used pesticide, prevents electron transfer from Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone or Q...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
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The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane01:41

The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane

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The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through respiratory complexes I to V. These complexes have been widely studied for decades, and it has been proven that they form supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SC). These higher-order complexes may be crucial in maintaining the biochemical structure and improving the physiological activity of the individual complexes while...
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Chemiosmosis01:32

Chemiosmosis

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Oxidative phosphorylation is a highly efficient process that generates large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the basic unit of energy that drives many cellular processes. Oxidative phosphorylation involves two processes— the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
Electron Transport Chain
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Translating Extracellular Electron Transfer Activities with Organic Electrochemical Transistors
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Chemically Mediated Artificial Electron Transport Chain.

Yu-Dong Yang1, Qian Zhang1, Lhoussain Khrouz2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States.

ACS Central Science
|July 1, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created artificial electron transport chains using small molecules. This breakthrough advances molecular therapeutics, catalyst design, and energy systems by mimicking natural electron transport chains (ETCs).

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Artificial Photosynthesis
  • Molecular Electronics

Background:

  • Electron transport chains (ETCs) are fundamental biological processes.
  • Artificial ETCs offer potential for therapeutics, catalysis, and energy solutions.
  • Mimicking natural ETCs requires precise control over electron transfer steps.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To construct a noncovalent, multistep artificial electron transport chain.
  • To demonstrate stepwise electron transfer and proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET).
  • To explore applications in molecular therapeutics, catalysis, and energy systems.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized cyclo[8]pyrrole (1) and naphthorosarin (2) as core components.
  • Employed iodine (I2) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as redox agents.
  • Characterized intermediates and products using UV-vis-NIR, NMR, EPR, cyclic voltammetry, DFT, and X-ray crystallography.

Main Results:

  • Achieved stepwise electron transfer from 1 to I2, forming I3-.
  • Demonstrated PCET from 1 to H2 and H2 upon TFA addition.
  • Successfully promoted sequential electron transport using I2 and TFA with components 1 and 2.

Conclusions:

  • Developed a functional artificial electron transport chain using small molecules.
  • The system exhibits controllable stepwise electron transfer and PCET.
  • This work provides a foundation for advanced molecular devices and energy technologies.