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Neuroglia in cognitive reserve.

Alexei Verkhratsky1,2,3,4,5, Robert Zorec6,7

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Cognitive reserve protects the brain against damage by leveraging lifelong brain plasticity. This study highlights the crucial role of neuroglia, beyond neurons, in maintaining brain health and resilience for cognitive longevity.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurobiology
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • Cognitive reserve explains the discrepancy between brain damage extent and clinical outcomes.
  • It encompasses structural (brain reserve) and functional aspects (maintenance, resilience, compensation) driven by lifelong plasticity.
  • Previous focus was on neuronal and network adaptations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose an inclusive view of cognitive reserve.
  • To highlight the fundamental role of neuroglia in cognitive reserve.
  • To explore neuroglia's contribution to brain maintenance, resilience, and compensation.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual review and argumentation.
  • Analysis of neuroglial roles in homeostatic, neuroprotective, and neurodegenerative mechanisms.
  • Examination of neuroglia's influence on neuronal circuits and brain connectome.

Main Results:

  • Neuroglia are integral to defining cognitive reserve.
  • Neuroglial functions (homeostasis, protection, regeneration) underpin brain maintenance, resilience, and compensation.
  • Neuroglia actively shape neuronal circuits and the brain connectome throughout life.

Conclusions:

  • Neuroglia are fundamental to cognitive reserve, extending beyond neuronal roles.
  • Targeting neuroglia offers a novel strategy for promoting cognitive longevity.
  • Understanding neuroglial mechanisms is key to enhancing brain resilience against aging and pathology.