Does empathy promote helping by activating altruistic motivation or concern about social evaluation? A direct...

When people experience empathy for a needy stranger, efforts to help are often not far behind. But does empathy actually cause prosocial behavior? And if so, does it activate genuine concern or more self-interested motivations? To rule out the alternative hypothesis that empathy motivates prosocial behavior by generating fear of social disapproval for acting selfishly, Fultz et al. (1986) manipulated empathy for a lonely stranger using perspective-taking instructions; they also manipulated whether subjects believed their decision to help would remain anonymous. However, Fultz et al. conducted their experiment decades ago, with few subjects, and before some potentially important cultural changes in college students' values and social lives. Here, in a preregistered replication with 280 undergraduates, we tested Fultz et al.'s key assertions. The perspective-taking and social evaluation manipulations influenced scores on the manipulation check measures mostly in theory-consistent ways but did not significantly influence helping. Consistent with theory, empathy was positively associated with prosocial behavior. We also found evidence that endorsement of the principle of care reflects genuine concern for needy strangers and that moral identity symbolization reflects a desire to help in order to avoid social disapproval. We consider these results a partially successful replication of key tenets of the empathy-altruism hypothesis, though questions remain about the conditions under which perspective-taking promotes prosocial behavior and about the generalizability of our findings to populations beyond undergraduate women circa 1986. Our results also help illuminate the motivational underpinnings of two individual differences that predicted prosocial behavior in previous research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).