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Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview

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Conjugation, a key component of phase II biotransformation reactions, is a vital process in drug detoxification. It involves transferring endogenous substances like glucuronic acid, sulfate, and glycine to drugs or their metabolites formed in phase I reactions. These conjugation reactions, often catalyzed by specific enzymes, transform potentially harmful metabolites into inactive, water-soluble forms easily excreted in urine or bile. By enhancing polarity and eliminating pharmacological...

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Updated: Jun 21, 2025

Construction of Cyclic Cell-Penetrating Peptides for Enhanced Penetration of Biological Barriers

Construction of Cyclic Cell-Penetrating Peptides for Enhanced Penetration of Biological Barriers

Published on: September 19, 2022

Solid Phase Peptide Carrier Conjugation.

Gunnar Houen¹, Dorthe T Olsen²

¹Department of Neurology and Translational Research Center, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark. gunnar.houen@regionh.dk.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|July 12, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Peptide conjugation to carrier proteins is essential for antibody induction. Novel solid-phase methods offer efficient alternatives to solution-phase conjugation for creating immunogenic complexes.

Keywords:

Antibodies Carrier Conjugation Peptide Solid phase

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Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes

Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes

Published on: December 19, 2020

Area of Science:

Bioconjugation Chemistry
Immunology
Protein Chemistry

Background:

Antibody production against peptides requires conjugation to immunogenic carrier proteins.
Traditional methods involve solution-phase conjugation followed by adjuvant mixing.
Solid-phase conjugation offers an alternative approach.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore and optimize solid-phase conjugation strategies for creating peptide-carrier protein immunogens.
To evaluate the use of solid supports, including adjuvants, for efficient peptide conjugation.

Main Methods:

Carrier proteins adsorbed onto solid supports (e.g., ion exchange matrices).
Peptide functional groups (-SH, -NH2, -COOH) conjugated via solid-phase chemistry.
Use of aluminum hydroxide as a solid-phase matrix for direct complex formation.

Main Results:

Demonstrated feasibility of solid-phase conjugation for peptide-carrier protein complex formation.
Showcased elution from ion exchange matrices for subsequent adjuvant mixing.
Highlighted direct formation of adjuvant-carrier-peptide complexes on aluminum hydroxide.

Conclusions:

Solid-phase conjugation provides versatile and efficient methods for preparing peptide immunogens.
Direct immobilization onto adjuvant matrices simplifies the preparation of immunogenic complexes.
These approaches facilitate antibody generation for diverse applications.