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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2025

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

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Published on: November 18, 2022

Design, Development and Application of a Modular Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) Sensor for Near-Surface Geophysical

Luzian Wolf¹, Adrian Flores Orozco¹

¹Research Unit Geophysics, Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|July 13, 2024

Summary

This study introduces an open-source, modular electromagnetic induction (EMI) system for geophysical surveys. The portable sensor offers adjustable measurement depths and high-resolution apparent conductivity data, suitable for single-person field operations.

Keywords:

EMI agrogeophysics electromagnetic induction geophysics hydrogeophysics low induction number near-surface survey open hardware terrain conductivity meter

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Area of Science:

Geophysics
Electrical Engineering
Environmental Science

Background:

Low-frequency electromagnetic induction (EMI) is a key non-invasive geophysical technique.
Accurate subsurface electrical conductivity measurements are crucial for various environmental and geological applications.
Existing EMI systems can be costly and lack flexibility in data acquisition parameters.

Purpose of the Study:

To present an open-source, modular electromagnetic induction (EMI) system for geophysical data collection.
To enable adjustable measurement depths and frequencies for versatile subsurface investigations.
To provide researchers and practitioners with a flexible, accessible, and portable EMI instrument.

Main Methods:

Development of a modular EMI sensor with adjustable transmitter-receiver separations and multiple receiving antennas.
Implementation of a variable acquisition frequency range (3-50 kHz) for depth of investigation control.
Integration of a software package for raw data access and signal processing chain management.

Main Results:

The system allows for apparent conductivity measurements from 1 mS/m to 1000 mS/m with 1.0 mS/m resolution.
High sampling rates (up to 10 Hz) with synchronous time and location stamping are achieved.
The portable sensor (<5 kg) offers 4 hours of operation and is designed for single-person field use.

Conclusions:

The developed open-source EMI system provides a flexible, portable, and cost-effective solution for geophysical surveys.
The modular design and adjustable parameters enhance its applicability across diverse subsurface investigation scenarios.
This instrument facilitates improved access to advanced geophysical measurement capabilities for a wider range of users.