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A 3 MHz Low-Error Adaptive Howland Current Source for High-Frequency Bioimpedance Applications.

Ifeabunike I Nwokoye¹, Iasonas F Triantis¹

¹Research Centre for Biomedical Engineering, City, University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|July 13, 2024

Summary

This study introduces an Adaptive Howland Current Source (AHCS) for bioimpedance measurements. The AHCS maintains precise current amplitude up to 3 MHz, improving accuracy in medical diagnostics like cancer detection.

Keywords:

AC current source Howland current source bioelectrical impedance bioimpedance electrical impedance impedance spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

Electrical Engineering
Biomedical Engineering
Medical Instrumentation

Background:

Bioimpedance analysis uses AC current injection, often with Howland Current Sources (HCS).
Existing HCS designs struggle with amplitude stability above 100 kHz, limiting bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) applications.
High-frequency BIS is crucial for advanced diagnostics, such as assessing cellular changes in cancer detection.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and implement an adaptive current source for bioimpedance applications.
To overcome the frequency limitations of conventional Howland Current Sources.
To enhance the accuracy and applicability of bioimpedance spectroscopy at higher frequencies.

Main Methods:

Developed an Adaptive Howland Current Source (AHCS) utilizing automatic gain control (AGC).
Experimentally tested AHCS performance for current amplitude error and bandwidth.
Conducted simulations to compare AHCS noise performance against standard HCS designs.

Main Results:

AHCS achieved less than 1% amplitude error for 1 mA and 100 µA currents up to 3 MHz bandwidth.
Simulations showed potential for up to 19% noise reduction compared to conventional HCS.
The adaptive design offers automatic output current compensation without recalibration.

Conclusions:

The AHCS provides a high-bandwidth AC current source essential for advanced bioimpedance spectroscopy.
This technology enables accurate measurements at higher frequencies (e.g., >1 MHz), crucial for improved diagnostic capabilities.
AHCS facilitates better assessment of cellular status and deeper tissue penetration for applications like skin and breast cancer detection.