Enhancing environmental sustainability: Butea monosperma leaves as a key component in WO₃-based composites for water...

In this research, a novel nano-biocomposite material, namely, tungsten trioxide-Butea monosperma leaf powder (WO₃@BLP), is an effective and eco-friendly adsorbent used for the mitigation of congo red (CR) and crystal violet (CV) dyes from its aqueous phase. The as-prepared WO₃@BLP was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), DLS analysis, and TGA. Many factors such as solution pH, WO₃@BLP dose, temperature, contact time, and initial CR/CV dye concentrations were exploited to monitor the adsorption efficiency of WO₃@BLP composites. The biosorption of both CR and CV dyes followed the Langmuir isotherm, with maximum adsorption capacities (q_max) reaching 84.91 mg g^-1 for CR at pH 2.3 and 162.75 mg g^-1 for CV at pH 8, fitting of kinetics data to the PSO model with closed values of q_e^exp (mg g^-1) and q_e^cal (mg g^-1), i.e., 25.69 to 25.38 mg g^-1 for CR dye and 29.06 to 29.08 mg g^-1 for CV dye. The interaction mechanism behind the adsorption of CR and CV dyes onto the WO₃@BLP bionanocomposite includes electrostatic interaction and surface complexation. The synthesized materials were tested for antifungal activity against three different Candida cells, i.e., C. albicans ATCC 90028, C. glabrata ATCC 90030, and C. tropicalis ATCC 750, by using broth dilution method on the minimum inhibiting concentration (MIC). Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of nano-formulated WO₃@BLP was studied by in vitro hemolytic assay on a human host. Overall, this research presents a pioneering nano-biocomposite, WO₃@BLP, as a sustainable adsorbent for CR and CV dye removal, adhering to Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics. Its multifaceted approach includes elucidating interaction mechanisms, demonstrating antifungal activity, and assessing cytotoxicity, marking a significant advancement in environmental remediation.