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Gastrulation

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2025

En Face Endocardial Cushion Preparation for Planar Morphogenesis Analysis in Mouse Embryos

En Face Endocardial Cushion Preparation for Planar Morphogenesis Analysis in Mouse Embryos

Published on: July 27, 2022

Evaluating Planar Cell Polarity in the Developing Mouse Epidermis.

Maureen Cetera¹, Rishabh Sharan², Gabriela Hayward-Lara²

¹Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. mcetera@umn.edu.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|July 15, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents methods to map hair follicle orientation in mouse skin, revealing tissue-scale patterns and cellular behaviors driving this epidermal planar polarity. Understanding this process is key to developmental biology research.

Keywords:

Epidermis Hair follicle Live imaging Morphogenesis Mouse Planar cell polarity

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Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Cell Biology
Tissue Engineering

Background:

Epidermal tissues exhibit planar polarity, with structures like fur uniformly oriented along body axes.
This collective alignment offers insights into signaling mechanisms coordinating cellular behaviors at local and tissue levels.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide methods for analyzing planar organization of hair follicles in mouse epidermis.
To reveal tissue-scale patterns of hair follicle orientation and the cellular behaviors responsible for polarization.

Main Methods:

Spatial mapping of hair follicle orientations in embryonic and postnatal mouse skin.
Live imaging of cell movements in embryonic skin explants to observe follicle polarization.

Main Results:

Established protocols to create spatial maps of hair follicle orientations.
Demonstrated live imaging to monitor cellular dynamics during hair follicle polarization.

Conclusions:

The described methods enable detailed analysis of hair follicle planar organization.
Understanding hair follicle polarization provides a model for studying tissue-level coordination of cellular behaviors.