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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Epidemiology
  • Zoonotic Disease Ecology
  • Network Analysis in Public Health

Background:

  • Zoonotic disease eco-epidemiology is often simplified, with global data lacking local relevance.
  • Understanding complex host-pathogen-environment interactions is crucial for effective disease control.
  • Austria's specific zoonotic landscape requires tailored investigation beyond broad datasets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply a "zoonotic web" concept for analyzing zoonotic interactions in Austria.
  • To identify key sources and transmission pathways of zoonotic agents within a specific geographical context.
  • To inform the development of localized One Health strategies for zoonoses prevention and control.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search to compile a dataset of zoonotic interactions in Austria (1975-2022).
  • Network analysis applied to the "zoonotic web" to explore complex relationships between agents, hosts, vectors, food, and environmental sources.
  • Analysis of One Health 3-cliques and source-source networks to identify influential nodes and transmission interfaces.

Main Results:

  • Humans, cattle, chickens, and meat products identified as the most influential sources of zoonotic agent sharing.
  • Increased zoonotic spillover probability observed at human-cattle and human-food interfaces.
  • Six distinct communities of zoonotic agent sharing identified, influenced by agent connectivity, human proximity, and anthropogenic activities.
  • An emerging zoonotic disease frequency of approximately one every six years reported for Austria.

Conclusions:

  • The "zoonotic web" provides a flexible, network-based approach to understanding zoonotic transmission chains.
  • Findings highlight the critical role of specific hosts and food products in local zoonotic disease dynamics.
  • This methodology facilitates the creation of targeted, locally relevant One Health strategies to mitigate zoonoses risks.