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Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure

Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure

Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2025

Using 2-Photon Microscopy to Quantify the Effects of Chronic Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction on Glomerular Processes

Using 2-Photon Microscopy to Quantify the Effects of Chronic Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction on Glomerular Processes

Published on: March 4, 2022

Urinary complement factor D is increased in primary malignant hypertension: a single-center, cross-sectional study.

Yaqi Cheng¹, Weiwei Qin^2,3, Liling Lin⁴

¹Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.

Scientific Reports

|July 15, 2024

Summary

Researchers identified urinary complement factor D (CFD) as a potential non-invasive biomarker for kidney damage in primary malignant hypertension (pMHTN). Elevated CFD levels may indicate alternative complement pathway activation in pMHTN patients.

Keywords:

Complement factor D Malignant hypertension Urinary biomarker

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2025

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Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing

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Published on: August 14, 2019

Area of Science:

Nephrology
Biochemistry
Proteomics

Background:

Kidney injury is a serious complication of primary malignant hypertension (pMHTN).
Non-invasive biomarkers are needed for diagnosing pMHTN-related renal damage and understanding its mechanisms.
Urine protein analysis offers a promising avenue for biomarker discovery.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and validate urinary protein biomarkers for renal damage associated with pMHTN.
To explore the diagnostic potential of these biomarkers in differentiating pMHTN from other conditions.

Main Methods:

Discovery phase: In-gel digestion coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on urine samples from pMHTN patients, disease controls (DCs), and healthy controls (HCs).
Validation phase: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify differentially expressed proteins in a larger cohort.
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to assess diagnostic performance.

Main Results:

LC-MS/MS identified 5 differentially expressed proteins in pMHTN patients.
Urinary complement factor D (CFD) was significantly upregulated in pMHTN patients compared to DCs and HCs.
Urinary CFD/Creatinine ratio demonstrated moderate potential in discriminating pMHTN from DCs (AUC = 0.822).

Conclusions:

Urinary CFD is a potential non-invasive biomarker for renal damage in pMHTN.
Elevated urinary CFD suggests activation of the alternative complement pathway in pMHTN.
Further research is warranted to confirm CFD's clinical utility in pMHTN management.