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Updated: Jun 21, 2025

Combined Supine and Standing Imaging for Varicocele: An Improved Diagnostic Approach
Published on: November 22, 2024
Diagnosis and Management of Pelvic Venous Disorders in Women
Neil M Khilnani1, Jimmy J Xia2, Ronald S Winokur2
1Division of Interventional Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine-NewYork Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA. nmkhilna@med.cornell.edu.
Abstract:
Pelvic venous reflux and obstruction can lead to chronic pelvic pain and extra-pelvic varicosities. This paper will discuss the contemporary understanding of this pathophysiology and its clinical manifestations. It will review evidence-based clinical and imaging criteria of pelvic venous disorders, data supporting benefit from venous interventions, criticisms of the available data and highlight evidence research gaps that exist. Finally, it will argue that comparative outcomes research utilizing standardized patient selection for embolization and stenting, embolization treatment strategies that eliminate the pelvic varices (at least to start), and clinically relevant outcome measures are necessary to establish the benefit of vascular treatments.
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