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Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...

Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview

Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview

When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...

Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions

Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis

Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis

Tachyphylaxis is described as a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated or continuous administration of the same drug dose. It is a phenomenon where the body becomes less responsive to a particular substance or intervention over time, requiring higher doses or stronger interventions to achieve the same effect. It results from adaptive changes in the body's receptors, signaling pathways, or physiological processes that occur in response to prolonged exposure to a stimulus.

Factors Affecting Protein-Drug Binding: Patient-Related Factors

Factors Affecting Protein-Drug Binding: Patient-Related Factors

Protein-drug binding, a pivotal aspect of pharmacokinetics, is subject to considerable variability influenced by an array of patient-related factors. The intricate interplay of age, individual differences, and pathological conditions significantly impact the binding dynamics and subsequent pharmacological effects.
Age stands as a key determinant in protein-drug binding. Neonates, characterized by low albumin content, experience heightened concentrations of unbound drugs such as phenytoin and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2025

Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity

Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity

Published on: September 16, 2011

Risk factors for drug hypersensitivity reactions in children.

Francesca Mori¹, Francesca Saretta², Sara Riscassi³

¹Allergy Unit, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, 50139, Florence, Italy.

Italian Journal of Pediatrics

|July 15, 2024

Summary

Identifying risk factors for pediatric drug hypersensitivity reactions is crucial. Genetic testing and clinical factors like polypharmacy can aid in preventing severe reactions in children.

Keywords:

Children Drug allergy Hypersensitivity reactions Risk factors Severe cutaneous adverse reaction

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Area of Science:

Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
Pharmacogenomics
Clinical Risk Assessment

Background:

Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) are prevalent in pediatric populations.
Predicting IgE-mediated and delayed DHRs remains challenging.
Several clinical and genetic factors are implicated but require further clarification.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and synthesize current knowledge on risk factors for DHRs in children.
To highlight the potential of genetic polymorphisms in predicting severe cutaneous adverse reactions.
To inform clinical practice regarding risk-benefit assessments in pediatric drug use.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies investigating risk factors for pediatric DHRs.
Analysis of clinical variables such as age, gender, comorbidities, and drug administration.
Examination of emerging research on genetic polymorphisms and viral cofactors.

Main Results:

Identified risk factors include age, gender, prior drug reactions, reduced drug metabolism, chronic diseases, polypharmacy, and drug dosage.
Genetic polymorphisms show promise as screening tools for severe cutaneous adverse reactions.
Viral infections and route of administration (e.g., parental) can act as cofactors.

Conclusions:

A comprehensive understanding of risk factors is essential for managing pediatric DHRs.
Gene testing offers a novel approach to preventing severe adverse reactions.
Clinicians must weigh risks and benefits, considering individual patient factors.