Crown-of-thorns starfish complete their larval phase eating only nitrogen-fixing Trichodesmium cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria of the genus Trichodesmium form extensive blooms that supply new N to nutrient-poor marine ecosystems. Yet little is known about what eats Trichodesmium. In this laboratory study, we show that one of the greatest threats to coral reefs, predatory crown-of-thorns starfish (CoTS), Acanthaster sp., completes their larval phase feeding solely on Trichodesmium. We observed Trichodesmium erythraeum CMP1985 in the stomachs of larvae using florescence microscopy and traced the assimilation of nitrogen from labeled trichomes into larval tissues using stable isotopes. Some larvae fed T. erythraeum were morphologically ready to become benthic juveniles after 19 days. Given that Trichodesmium can be food for CoTS, reported increases in Trichodesmium could be a driving factor in the heightened frequency of CoTS population irruptions that have devastated coral reefs in past decades. Future studies could test this through investigating the diets of wild larvae and incorporating Trichodesmium abundance into models of CoTS population dynamics.