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Electrically tunable third-harmonic generation using intersubband polaritonic metasurfaces.

Seongjin Park1, Jaeyeon Yu1, Gerhard Boehm2

  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.

Light, Science & Applications
|July 17, 2024
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Summary

We demonstrate electrically tunable nonlinear metasurfaces for efficient frequency conversion. This breakthrough allows dynamic control over light manipulation using intersubband transitions in quantum wells.

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Materials Science
  • Quantum Engineering

Background:

  • Nonlinear optical metasurfaces offer efficient frequency conversion and beam manipulation.
  • Electrical modulation of nonlinear responses is crucial for advanced optical devices.
  • Intersubband transitions in multiple quantum wells (MQWs) provide giant nonlinear responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally demonstrate electrical modulation of mid-infrared third-harmonic generation (THG) using intersubband polaritonic metasurfaces.
  • To investigate the Stark tuning of resonant intersubband nonlinearity for controlling nonlinear optical responses.
  • To achieve dynamic beam steering and phase tuning in nonlinear optical elements.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of intersubband polaritonic metasurfaces based on MQWs.
  • Utilizing plasmonic nanoresonators integrated with MQWs.
  • Applying Stark tuning to modulate the intersubband nonlinearity.
  • Experimental measurement of third-harmonic generation (THG) signals and diffraction tuning.

Main Results:

  • Achieved 450% modulation depth of the THG signal.
  • Demonstrated 86% suppression of zero-order THG diffraction.
  • Exceeded 180 degrees of local phase tuning.
  • Successfully steered THG beams using phase gradients.

Conclusions:

  • First experimental implementation of electrical modulation for mid-infrared THG using intersubband polaritonic metasurfaces.
  • Demonstrated versatile functionalities including efficient frequency conversion, dynamic beam manipulation, and electrical tunability.
  • Presents a novel pathway for developing electrically tunable flat nonlinear optical elements.