Techno-Economic Analysis of Atmospheric Water Harvesting Across Climates

Drinking water scarcity is a global challenge as groundwater and surface water availability diminishes. The atmosphere is an alternative freshwater reservoir that has universal availability and could be harvested as drinking water. In order to effectively perform atmospheric water harvesting (AWH), we need to (1) understand how different climate regions (e.g., arid, temperate, and tropical) drive the amount of water that can be harvested and (2) determine the cost to purchase, operate, and power AWH. This research pairs thermodynamics with techno-economic analysis to calculate the water productivity and cost breakdown of a representative condensation-based AWH unit with water treatment. We calculate the monthly and annual levelized cost of water from AWH as a function of climate and power source (grid electricity vs renewable energy from solar photovoltaics (PV)). In our modeled unit, AWH can provide 1744-2710 L/month in a tropical climate, 394-1983 L/month in a temperate climate, and 37-1470 L/month in an arid climate. The levelized cost of water of AWH powered by the electrical grid is $0.06/L in a tropical climate, $0.09/L in a temperate climate, and $0.17/L in an arid climate. If off-grid solar PV was purchased at the time of purchasing the AWH unit to power the AWH, the costs increase to $0.40/L in an arid climate, $0.17/L in a temperate climate, and $0.10/L in a tropical climate. However, if using existing solar PV there are potential cost reductions of 4.25-5-fold between purchasing and using existing solar PV, and 2-3-fold between using the electrical grid and existing solar PV, with the highest cost reductions occurring in the tropical climate. Using existing solar PV, the levelized cost of AWH is $0.09/L in an arid climate, $0.04/L in a temperate climate, and $0.02/L in a tropical climate.