Management of the Spastic Elbow Deformity in Adult Patients With Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome

Spastic elbow deformity in patients with upper motor neuron injuries results from an imbalance of flexor and extensor forces across the ulnohumeral joint. Although not all deformities reflect the same underlying imbalances, the elbow most commonly rests in a flexed position. Patients may present with a combination of muscle spasticity, myostatic contracture, and/or joint contracture. A focused history and physical examination are essential for developing individualized surgical plans that account for variations in deformity severity and patient goals. Patients may present with or without volitional control; goals and treatment options differ depending on the degree of control present. Techniques include hyperselective neurectomy, tendon lengthening, muscle origin release, myotomy, tenotomy, periarticular soft tissue release, and skin rearrangement. This article presents a comprehensive review of the surgical approach to the volitional and nonvolitional spastic elbow deformities.